RGB Reference Images

In the interest of digital imaging research, I am providing a set of four images that represent "perfect" images, that is, they represent a natural scene (as opposed to say, a test pattern or a gradient) which is completely void of any noise, aliasing or other image artifacts. They were taken with a virtual, six mega-pixel camera using a ray tracing program I wrote myself. The intensity of each pixel was computed in double precision floating point and then companded and quantized to 8- or 16-bits per channel at the last possible moment before writing the image file. The four variations represent all combinations of 8- or 16-bits per channel and gamma of 1.0 or 2.2. I believe these images will be useful for research purposes in answering such questions as "How many bits are needed to avoid visual defects?" and "How does one determine the number of bits of real image information, as opposed to digitized noise?" In this sense, they may provide ideal image references against which actual digitized images may be compared by various visual or statistical analysis techniques.

The scene is titled Delta E and represents an imaginary view of my imaginary desktop (I am a color scientist).

I offer these images for research and other non-commercial purposes. In consideration of the time and effort put forth in their preparation, I request that my copyright notice accompany them wherever they are used.

All four images are RGB color type and in TIFF format. All have dimensions 3072 × 2048 = 6,291,456 pixels. All images are tagged with ICC reference profiles (sRGB primaries and white point). Other relevant information is shown in the following table:

Image File	Download Size (Mb)		Bits Per Channel	Gamma	Number of Levels			Number of Unique Colors
Image File	SIT	ZIP	Bits Per Channel	Gamma	Red	Green	Blue	Number of Unique Colors
DeltaE_16bit_gamma1.0.tif	8.6	12.0	16	1.0	50,731	49,518	52,092	1,045,769
DeltaE_16bit_gamma2.2.tif	11.1	15.9	16	2.2	59,027	58,235	60,150	1,260,832
DeltaE_8bit_gamma1.0.tif	0.9	1.4	8	1.0	241	247	249	89,029
DeltaE_8bit_gamma2.2.tif	1.2	1.7	8	2.2	250	253	253	134,683

Notes:

Image DeltaE_8bit_gamma1.0.tif has visible quantization defects in colors with small R, G or B components. This is especially apparent in the flat color patches of the ColorChecker chart and also in the deep shadow regions at the periphery of the spotlight. This image illustrates the fact that linear images need more than 8-bits per channel if visible quantization defects are to be avoided.
In theory, a 16-bit image may contain up to 65,536 unique levels per channel. My reference images show approximately this number of levels. However, Adobe Photoshop represents 16-bit image data as a 16-bit unsigned integer, in a form that has the binary point between bits 14 and 15, and therefore can only represent 32,769 unique levels (binary 0000000000000000 through 1000000000000000). This means that simply opening and saving one of the 16-bit reference images will reduce the number of unique levels per channel by about half (which will also reduce the total number of unique colors).
Converting a 16-bit image to 8-bits in Photoshop introduces noise into the image.
Passing an 8-bit image through a profile or a mode change in Photoshop 6 also introduces noise into the image if the "Use Dither (8-bit/channel images)" checkbox is enabled in the Color Settings dialog (Advanced Mode).
The download files are provided in both StuffIt (SIT) and ZIP formats (the expanded files are 18 or 36 Mb each). These files may be expanded with the freeware StuffIt Expander program from Aladdin Systems (available for both Macintosh and Windows) and with many other utility programs.
The ray tracing program had all stochastic features disabled so that no noise was introduced. All texture maps were computer generated (no scans or digital photographs were used).
All colors in the scene were computed based on the colorimetry of the embedded ICC profile. When viewing in Photoshop, you should use the embedded profile. Either use the embedded profile as the working space (recommended) or convert from the embedded profile into your current working space.

Spectral Reference Images

In commemoration of the ten-year anniversary of the RGB Reference Images, I have prepared a set of images that are ray-traced spectrally. Therefore, for each pixel, we have 31 samples rather than just three. The samples are taken from 400 to 700 nm, in 10 nm increments. The samples are stored in 31, 16-bit grayscale TIFF files. Each sample represents the reflectance, relative to the CIE Reference Illuminant E. The 31 files are available upon special request (ZIP format, 113 Mb).

Here is a thumbnail view of the files:

These images may be rendered to RGB by constructing, for each pixel, a spectral sample by sampling all 31 images at each pixel location. The spectrum may be converted to XYZ by multiplying it by your choice of illuminant and your choice of CIE Standard Observer functions. XYZ may be further converted to other forms, such as RGB. The necessary equations are found in the Math section of my site. You will need to write your own custom software to do this. There is no way to do it in any commercial package like Photoshop.

Here are a couple example renderings:

One change to the 3D model was made. The mirrored ball (above the ColorChecker chart) has been replaced by a metamerism example. This object is made up of a central shape (having a flat spectrum), surrounded by 12 slices that are metamers to the center color when viewed under CIE Reference Illuminant C. The spectra for these slices are taken from Table III(3.8.2) of Wyszecki and Stiles' Color Science book. Here is a graph showing these metamers:

When rendered under the qualifying conditions, the 13 sections all match, even though their spectra are radically different. Here is a detailed view of the metamer model:

When rendered under a different illuminant, these sections no longer match. Here is an example rendered under CIE Reference Illuminant A:

The swatches of the ColorChecker chart use the same spectral reflectances shown in the ColorChecker Calculator.